📚 Ezabon English Grammar Guide

💡 When do we use the Present Simple?

• Daily routines
• Facts
• Habits
• Timetables
• General truths

📋 Sentence Structure

Type	Structure	Example
Positive	Subject + Verb	I play football.
Negative	Subject + do / does + not + Verb	She doesn't like coffee.
Question	Do / Does + Subject + Verb?	Do you speak English?

⭐ Third Person Singular (he / she / it)

For he, she and it, we usually add -s to the verb.

⚠ Important Rules

• Use do and does for questions.
• Use don't and doesn't for negatives.
• After does, always use the base verb.

❌ Common Mistakes

🎯 Quick Practice

Choose the correct sentence.

• ⭕ She play football.
• ✅ She plays football.

📌 Summary

• ✔ Use the Present Simple for routines and facts.
• ✔ Add -s for he, she and it.
• ✔ Use do / does for questions.
• ✔ Use don't / doesn't for negatives.

💡 When do we use the Present Continuous?

• Actions happening now
• Temporary situations
• Things happening around the present time
• Planned future arrangements

📋 Sentence Structure

Type	Structure	Example
Positive	Subject + am / is / are + Verb + ing	She is cooking.
Negative	Subject + am / is / are + not + Verb + ing	He isn't sleeping.
Question	Am / Is / Are + Subject + Verb + ing?	Are you listening?

⭐ Spelling Rules for -ing

• Most verbs: add -ing → play → playing
• Drop the final e → make → making
• Double the last consonant after a short vowel → run → running

⚠ Important Rules

• Always use am, is or are.
• The main verb always ends with -ing.
• Time expressions like now, at the moment and currently are common.

❌ Common Mistakes

🎯 Quick Practice

Choose the correct sentence.

• ⭕ They playing football.
• ✅ They are playing football.

📌 Summary

• ✔ Use the Present Continuous for actions happening now.
• ✔ Use am / is / are + verb + -ing.
• ✔ Use it for temporary situations and planned arrangements.
• ✔ Don't forget the auxiliary verb.

💡 When do we use There is / There are?

• To describe places
• To talk about what exists
• To say where things are

📋 Sentence Structure

Type	Structure	Example
Positive	There is / There are + noun	There are five students.
Negative	There isn't / There aren't + noun	There isn't a TV.
Question	Is / Are there + noun?	Are there any apples?

⭐ Singular and Plural

• Use there is with singular nouns.
• Use there are with plural nouns.

⚠ Important Rules

• Use is for one person or thing.
• Use are for two or more people or things.
• Use any in most negative sentences and questions.
• Use some in most positive sentences.

❌ Common Mistakes

🎯 Quick Practice

Choose the correct sentence.

• ⭕ There is two cars outside.
• ✅ There are two cars outside.

📌 Summary

• ✔ Use there is with singular nouns.
• ✔ Use there are with plural nouns.
• ✔ Use is there...? and are there...? for questions.
• ✔ Use there isn't and there aren't for negative sentences.

💡 When do we use Articles?

• A before singular nouns that begin with a consonant sound.
• An before singular nouns that begin with a vowel sound.
• The when talking about a specific person or thing.

📋 Article Guide

Article	Use	Example
A	Before a consonant sound	a book, a teacher
An	Before a vowel sound	an apple, an egg
The	Something specific or already known	the sun, the teacher

⭐ A or An?

Choose a or an based on the sound, not just the first letter.

⚠ Important Rules

• Use a and an only with singular countable nouns.
• Use the when both the speaker and listener know what is meant.
• Do not use a or an with plural nouns.
• Do not use a or an with uncountable nouns.

❌ Common Mistakes

🎯 Quick Practice

Choose the correct sentence.

• ⭕ She is eating a apple.
• ✅ She is eating an apple.

📌 Summary

• ✔ Use a before consonant sounds.
• ✔ Use an before vowel sounds.
• ✔ Use the for specific people or things.
• ✔ Choose the article by the sound, not only the first letter.

💡 When do we use Personal Pronouns?

• To replace people's names.
• To replace animals or things.
• To make sentences shorter and more natural.

📋 Personal Pronouns

Pronoun	Use	Example
I	The speaker	I am happy.
You	One person or many people	You are my friend.
He	A boy or a man	He is a doctor.
She	A girl or a woman	She likes music.
It	An animal or thing	It is cold today.
We	The speaker and others	We live in Berlin.
They	People, animals or things	They are students.

⭐ Choosing the Correct Pronoun

• Use he for a male person.
• Use she for a female person.
• Use it for things and most animals.
• Use they for more than one person or thing.

⚠ Important Rules

• Always write I with a capital letter.
• You can mean one person or many people.
• Use it for weather, time and distance.

❌ Common Mistakes

🎯 Quick Practice

Choose the correct sentence.

• ⭕ Anna is my teacher. He is very kind.
• ✅ Anna is my teacher. She is very kind.

📌 Summary

• ✔ Personal pronouns replace nouns.
• ✔ Always write I with a capital letter.
• ✔ Use he, she and it correctly.
• ✔ Use they for plural nouns.

💡 When do we use Possessive Adjectives?

• To show ownership.
• To show relationships.
• To describe something that belongs to someone.

📋 Possessive Adjectives

Subject Pronoun	Possessive Adjective	Example
I	my	My name is Emma.
You	your	Your bag is blue.
He	his	His bike is fast.
She	her	Her phone is new.
It	its	The dog is wagging its tail.
We	our	Our teacher is friendly.
They	their	Their garden is beautiful.

⭐ Remember

• Possessive adjectives always come before a noun.
• They never change for singular or plural nouns.
• Choose the adjective based on the owner, not the thing.

⚠ Important Rules

• Use his for a male person.
• Use her for a female person.
• Use its for animals or things.
• Its (possessive) is different from it's (= it is).

❌ Common Mistakes

🎯 Quick Practice

Choose the correct sentence.

• ⭕ He is Tom. Her bike is red.
• ✅ He is Tom. His bike is red.

📌 Summary

• ✔ Possessive adjectives show ownership.
• ✔ They always come before a noun.
• ✔ Choose the adjective based on the owner.
• ✔ Remember the difference between its and it's.

💡 When do we use Possessive Pronouns?

• To show who owns something.
• To avoid repeating a noun.
• To make sentences shorter and more natural.

📋 Possessive Pronouns

Subject Pronoun	Possessive Adjective	Possessive Pronoun
I	my	mine
You	your	yours
He	his	his
She	her	hers
It	its	—
We	our	ours
They	their	theirs

⭐ Possessive Adjective vs Possessive Pronoun

A possessive adjective comes before a noun, while a possessive pronoun replaces the noun completely.

⚠ Important Rules

• Never use a noun after a possessive pronoun.
• His is both a possessive adjective and a possessive pronoun.
• There is no common possessive pronoun for it.

❌ Common Mistakes

🎯 Quick Practice

Choose the correct sentence.

• ⭕ This phone is my.
• ✅ This phone is mine.

📌 Summary

• ✔ Possessive pronouns replace a noun.
• ✔ Do not use a noun after a possessive pronoun.
• ✔ my → mine, your → yours, our → ours.
• ✔ Learn the difference between possessive adjectives and possessive pronouns.

💡 When do we use Can / Can't?

• To talk about abilities.
• To ask for or give permission.
• To talk about possibilities.

📋 Sentence Structure

Type	Structure	Example
Positive	Subject + can + base verb	He can speak English.
Negative	Subject + can't + base verb	She can't swim.
Question	Can + subject + base verb?	Can you help me?

⭐ Base Verb After Can

After can and can't, always use the base form of the verb.

⚠ Important Rules

• Do not add -s after can.
• Do not use to after can.
• Can is the same for all subjects (I, you, he, she, it, we, they).

❌ Common Mistakes

🎯 Quick Practice

Choose the correct sentence.

• ⭕ He can plays football.
• ✅ He can play football.

📌 Summary

• ✔ Use can to talk about ability, permission and possibility.
• ✔ Use can't for negative sentences.
• ✔ Always use the base form of the verb after can.
• ✔ Use Can + subject + base verb? to ask questions.

💡 When do we use Imperatives?

• To give commands.
• To give instructions.
• To give advice.
• To make requests.
• To give warnings.

📋 Sentence Structure

Type	Structure	Example
Positive	Base verb + ...	Close the window.
Negative	Don't + base verb + ...	Don't run.
Polite Request	Please + base verb + ...	Please wait here.

⭐ No Subject Needed

In imperative sentences, the subject you is understood, so it is usually not written.

⚠ Important Rules

• Use the base form of the verb.
• Do not use a subject like you in most imperative sentences.
• Use don't to make a negative imperative.
• Use please to make a request more polite.

❌ Common Mistakes

🎯 Quick Practice

Choose the correct sentence.

• ⭕ Don't to be late.
• ✅ Don't be late.

📌 Summary

• ✔ Use imperatives for commands, instructions and requests.
• ✔ Start with the base form of the verb.
• ✔ Use don't for negative imperatives.
• ✔ Use please to sound more polite.

💡 When do we use Question Words?

• To ask about people.
• To ask about places.
• To ask about time.
• To ask about reasons.
• To ask about things, choices and methods.

📋 Common Question Words

Question Word	Use	Example
Who	Person	Who is your teacher?
What	Thing or information	What is your name?
Where	Place	Where do you live?
When	Time	When is your birthday?
Why	Reason	Why are you happy?
How	Method or condition	How do you travel?
Which	Choice	Which book is yours?

⭐ Useful Questions

⚠ Important Rules

• Question words usually come at the beginning of a sentence.
• Most questions use an auxiliary verb such as do, does, is or are.
• How is often used with other words, such as How old, How many and How much.

❌ Common Mistakes

🎯 Quick Practice

Choose the correct question.

• ⭕ Where you live?
• ✅ Where do you live?

📌 Summary

• ✔ Use question words to ask for specific information.
• ✔ Place the question word at the beginning of the sentence.
• ✔ Use the correct auxiliary verb.
• ✔ Learn the purpose of each question word.

💡 When do we use the Past Simple?

• Completed actions in the past.
• Past habits or routines.
• A sequence of past events.
• Facts that were true in the past.

📋 Sentence Structure

Type	Structure	Example
Positive	Subject + past form of the verb	She played tennis.
Negative	Subject + did not (didn't) + base verb	He didn't go to school.
Question	Did + subject + base verb?	Did you finish your homework?

⭐ Regular and Irregular Verbs

Regular verbs usually end in -ed. Irregular verbs have special past forms that must be learned.

Base Verb	Past Simple
play	played
watch	watched
go	went
see	saw
eat	ate

⚠ Important Rules

• Use the past form only in positive sentences.
• After did or didn't, always use the base verb.
• Common time expressions include yesterday, last week, last year and ago.

❌ Common Mistakes

🎯 Quick Practice

Choose the correct sentence.

• ⭕ He didn't watched TV.
• ✅ He didn't watch TV.

📌 Summary

• ✔ Use the Past Simple for completed actions in the past.
• ✔ Regular verbs usually end in -ed.
• ✔ Learn the most common irregular verbs.
• ✔ After did and didn't, use the base verb.

💡 When do we use the Past Continuous?

• Actions happening at a specific time in the past.
• Two actions happening at the same time.
• A longer action interrupted by a shorter action.
• To describe the background of a story.

📋 Sentence Structure

Type	Structure	Example
Positive	Subject + was / were + verb + ing	She was reading.
Negative	Subject + was / were + not + verb + ing	They weren't sleeping.
Question	Was / Were + subject + verb + ing?	Were you working?

⭐ Past Continuous + Past Simple

The Past Continuous describes the longer action, while the Past Simple describes the shorter action that interrupted it.

⚠ Important Rules

• Use was with I, he, she and it.
• Use were with you, we and they.
• The main verb always ends with -ing.
• Words like while and when are often used with this tense.

❌ Common Mistakes

🎯 Quick Practice

Choose the correct sentence.

• ⭕ They was watching a movie.
• ✅ They were watching a movie.

📌 Summary

• ✔ Use the Past Continuous for actions in progress in the past.
• ✔ Form it with was / were + verb + ing.
• ✔ Use it with the Past Simple for interrupted actions.
• ✔ Remember to use was and were correctly.

💡 When do we use the Future Simple?

• Predictions about the future.
• Spontaneous decisions.
• Promises and offers.
• Requests and willingness to help.

📋 Sentence Structure

Type	Structure	Example
Positive	Subject + will + base verb	She will travel tomorrow.
Negative	Subject + will not (won't) + base verb	He won't come today.
Question	Will + subject + base verb?	Will you join us?

⭐ Common Uses of Will

• Prediction: I think she will win.
• Decision: I'll answer the phone.
• Promise: I will never forget.
• Offer: I'll carry your bag.

⚠ Important Rules

• Use the base form of the verb after will.
• Will is the same for all subjects.
• The short forms are I'll, you'll, he'll, etc.
• The negative short form is won't.

❌ Common Mistakes

🎯 Quick Practice

Choose the correct sentence.

• ⭕ She will buys a new car.
• ✅ She will buy a new car.

📌 Summary

• ✔ Use will for predictions, decisions, promises and offers.
• ✔ Always use the base form of the verb after will.
• ✔ Use won't for negative sentences.
• ✔ Use Will + subject + base verb? to ask questions.

💡 When do we use Be Going To?

• Plans and intentions.
• Things we have already decided.
• Predictions based on present evidence.

📋 Sentence Structure

Type	Structure	Example
Positive	Subject + am / is / are + going to + base verb	We are going to travel.
Negative	Subject + am / is / are + not + going to + base verb	He isn't going to play.
Question	Am / Is / Are + subject + going to + base verb?	Are you going to cook?

⭐ Be Going To vs Will

Be Going To	Will
Plans and intentions	Spontaneous decisions
Predictions with evidence	Predictions based on opinion
I'm going to buy a new phone.	I'll answer the phone.

⚠ Important Rules

• Always use am, is or are before going to.
• Use the base form of the verb after going to.
• Do not use will and going to together.

❌ Common Mistakes

🎯 Quick Practice

Choose the correct sentence.

• ⭕ She going to visit her aunt.
• ✅ She is going to visit her aunt.

📌 Summary

• ✔ Use be going to for plans and intentions.
• ✔ Use it for predictions based on present evidence.
• ✔ Always use am / is / are before going to.
• ✔ Use the base form of the verb after going to.

💡 When do we use Comparatives?

• To compare two people.
• To compare two things.
• To compare places or animals.
• To describe differences.

📋 Forming Comparatives

Adjective	Comparative	Example
short	shorter	Tom is shorter than Ben.
nice	nicer	This park is nicer.
happy	happier	I am happier today.
beautiful	more beautiful	This beach is more beautiful.

⭐ Irregular Comparatives

Adjective	Comparative
good	better
bad	worse
far	farther / further

⚠ Important Rules

• Use than after a comparative adjective.
• Add -er to most short adjectives.
• Use more with most long adjectives.
• Learn the irregular forms: better, worse and farther/further.

❌ Common Mistakes

🎯 Quick Practice

Choose the correct sentence.

• ⭕ My bike is more faster than yours.
• ✅ My bike is faster than yours.

📌 Summary

• ✔ Use comparatives to compare two people or things.
• ✔ Add -er to most short adjectives.
• ✔ Use more with most long adjectives.
• ✔ Always use than after a comparative adjective.

💡 When do we use Superlatives?

• To compare three or more people or things.
• To describe the highest or lowest degree of something.
• To identify the "best", "biggest" or "most interesting".

📋 Forming Superlatives

Adjective	Superlative	Example
small	the smallest	This is the smallest room.
nice	the nicest	She is the nicest person.
happy	the happiest	Today is the happiest day.
beautiful	the most beautiful	Paris is the most beautiful city.

⭐ Irregular Superlatives

Adjective	Superlative
good	the best
bad	the worst
far	the farthest / the furthest

⚠ Important Rules

• Use the before every superlative adjective.
• Add -est to most short adjectives.
• Use the most with most long adjectives.
• Learn the irregular forms: the best, the worst and the farthest / the furthest.

❌ Common Mistakes

🎯 Quick Practice

Choose the correct sentence.

• ⭕ This is the most small room.
• ✅ This is the smallest room.

📌 Summary

• ✔ Use superlatives to compare three or more people or things.
• ✔ Use the + adjective + -est for most short adjectives.
• ✔ Use the most + adjective for most long adjectives.
• ✔ Always use the before a superlative adjective.

💡 When do we use Countable & Uncountable Nouns?

• To know whether a noun can be counted.
• To choose the correct article or quantity word.
• To form correct sentences.

📋 Countable vs Uncountable

Countable Nouns	Uncountable Nouns
book	water
apple	milk
chair	rice
student	information
car	money

⭐ Common Quantity Words

Countable	Uncountable	Both
many	much	some
a few	a little	a lot of
few	little	lots of

⚠ Important Rules

• Countable nouns have singular and plural forms.
• Uncountable nouns usually do not have a plural form.
• Use a or an only with singular countable nouns.
• Use some with plural countable nouns and uncountable nouns.

❌ Common Mistakes

🎯 Quick Practice

Choose the correct sentence.

• ⭕ There are much books on the table.
• ✅ There are many books on the table.

📌 Summary

• ✔ Countable nouns can be counted.
• ✔ Uncountable nouns cannot usually be counted individually.
• ✔ Use many with countable nouns and much with uncountable nouns.
• ✔ Use some and a lot of with both types.

💡 When do we use Much, Many and A Lot Of?

• Many with countable nouns.
• Much with uncountable nouns.
• A lot of with both countable and uncountable nouns.

📋 Quantity Words

Expression	Use	Example
Many	Countable nouns	many books
Much	Uncountable nouns	much money
A lot of	Countable & uncountable nouns	a lot of friends / a lot of milk

⭐ Everyday English

In everyday conversation, a lot of is much more common than much in positive sentences.

⚠ Important Rules

• Use many with plural countable nouns.
• Use much with uncountable nouns.
• Much is most common in negative sentences and questions.
• A lot of works in positive, negative and question sentences.

❌ Common Mistakes

🎯 Quick Practice

Choose the correct sentence.

• ⭕ She has much books.
• ✅ She has many books.

📌 Summary

• ✔ Use many with countable nouns.
• ✔ Use much with uncountable nouns.
• ✔ Use a lot of with both countable and uncountable nouns.
• ✔ In everyday English, a lot of is often more natural than much in positive sentences.

💡 When do we use Prepositions of Time?

• At for exact times.
• On for days and dates.
• In for months, years, seasons and longer periods.

📋 At, On and In

Preposition	Use	Examples
At	Exact time	at 8:30, at noon, at midnight
On	Days and dates	on Monday, on 15 May, on my birthday
In	Months, years, seasons, centuries	in July, in 2026, in winter

⭐ Other Common Time Prepositions

Preposition	Meaning	Example
Before	Earlier than	Finish before dinner.
After	Later than	Let's meet after work.
Until	Up to a time	The shop is open until 9 p.m.
Since	From a point in time	I have lived here since 2020.
For	Length of time	She studied for two hours.

⚠ Important Rules

• Use at with exact times.
• Use on with days and dates.
• Use in with months, years and seasons.
• Do not use a preposition before today, tomorrow or yesterday.

❌ Common Mistakes

🎯 Quick Practice

Choose the correct sentence.

• ⭕ The train leaves in 8:00.
• ✅ The train leaves at 8:00.

📌 Summary

• ✔ Use at for exact times.
• ✔ Use on for days and dates.
• ✔ Use in for months, years and seasons.
• ✔ Use before, after, until, since and for to describe time relationships.

💡 When do we use Prepositions of Place?

• To describe the position of something.
• To explain where people or objects are.
• To give directions or location information.

📋 Common Prepositions of Place

Preposition	Meaning	Example
In	Inside something	The books are in the box.
On	On the surface	The phone is on the table.
Under	Below something	The shoes are under the bed.
Behind	At the back of	The car is behind the house.
In front of	Before something	The bus stop is in front of the bank.
Next to	Beside	The café is next to the supermarket.

⭐ More Useful Prepositions

Preposition	Meaning	Example
Between	In the middle of two things	The bank is between the hotel and the café.
Opposite	Across from	The pharmacy is opposite the school.
Near	Close to	We live near the station.
Above	Higher than	The picture is above the sofa.
Below	Lower than	The temperature is below zero.

⚠ Important Rules

• Use in for something inside a space.
• Use on for something touching a surface.
• Use under for something below another object.
• In front of and next to are two-word prepositions.

❌ Common Mistakes

🎯 Quick Practice

Choose the correct sentence.

• ⭕ The laptop is in the desk.
• ✅ The laptop is on the desk.

📌 Summary

• ✔ Use in for inside.
• ✔ Use on for surfaces.
• ✔ Use under for below something.
• ✔ Learn common place prepositions like behind, in front of, next to, between and opposite.

💡 When do we use the Present Perfect?

• Life experiences.
• Actions with a result in the present.
• Actions at an unspecified time in the past.
• Situations that began in the past and continue now.

📋 Sentence Structure

Type	Structure	Example
Positive	Subject + have / has + past participle	She has finished her homework.
Negative	Subject + have / has + not + past participle	They haven't arrived yet.
Question	Have / Has + subject + past participle?	Have you seen this film?

⭐ Common Time Expressions

Expression	Use	Example
ever	At any time	Have you ever been to Italy?
never	At no time	I have never eaten sushi.
already	Earlier than expected	She has already left.
yet	Until now	Have you finished yet?
just	A short time ago	We have just arrived.
for	Length of time	I have worked here for three years.
since	Starting point	He has lived here since 2021.

⚠ Important Rules

• Use have with I, you, we, they.
• Use has with he, she, it.
• Always use the past participle (V3) after have/has.
• Do not use a specific finished time (yesterday, last week, in 2020) with the Present Perfect.

❌ Common Mistakes

🎯 Quick Practice

Choose the correct sentence.

• ⭕ He has went home.
• ✅ He has gone home.

📌 Summary

• ✔ Use the Present Perfect for experiences, recent actions and unfinished situations.
• ✔ Structure: have/has + past participle (V3).
• ✔ Use words like ever, never, already, yet, just, for and since.
• ✔ Do not use the Present Perfect with a specific finished time such as yesterday or last year.

💡 When do we use the Present Perfect Continuous?

• Actions that started in the past and continue now.
• To emphasize the duration of an activity.
• Recent actions with visible results.

📋 Sentence Structure

Type	Structure	Example
Positive	Subject + have / has + been + verb + -ing	She has been reading all morning.
Negative	Subject + have / has + not + been + verb + -ing	We haven't been waiting long.
Question	Have / Has + subject + been + verb + -ing?	Have you been sleeping well?

⭐ Present Perfect vs Present Perfect Continuous

Present Perfect	Present Perfect Continuous
Focuses on the result.	Focuses on the activity or duration.
I have painted the wall.	I have been painting the wall.
She has written five emails.	She has been writing emails all morning.

⚠ Important Rules

• Use have/has + been + verb + -ing.
• Use for to show a period of time.
• Use since to show the starting point.
• Some verbs are rarely used in the continuous form (e.g. know, like, believe, love).

❌ Common Mistakes

🎯 Quick Practice

Choose the correct sentence.

• ⭕ I have been read this book for an hour.
• ✅ I have been reading this book for an hour.

📌 Summary

• ✔ Use the Present Perfect Continuous for actions that started in the past and continue now.
• ✔ Structure: have/has + been + verb + -ing.
• ✔ Use for to express duration and since to express the starting point.
• ✔ Use the Present Perfect when the result is important, and the Present Perfect Continuous when the activity or duration is important.

💡 When do we use the First Conditional?

• Possible future situations.
• Likely results.
• Warnings and promises.
• Plans based on a future condition.

📋 Sentence Structure

Structure	Example
If + Present Simple, will + base verb	If I see Tom, I'll tell him.
Will + base verb + if + Present Simple	I'll call you if I arrive early.

⭐ Other Modal Verbs

Besides will, we can also use other modal verbs in the main clause.

Modal Verb	Example
can	If you finish early, you can leave.
may	If it rains, we may stay inside.
must	If you feel sick, you must see a doctor.
should	If you need help, you should ask your teacher.

⚠ Important Rules

• Use the Present Simple after if, not will.
• Use will + base verb in the main clause.
• If the sentence starts with if, use a comma.
• If the main clause comes first, do not use a comma.

❌ Common Mistakes

🎯 Quick Practice

Choose the correct sentence.

• ⭕ If she will call, I'll answer.
• ✅ If she calls, I'll answer.

📌 Summary

• ✔ Use the First Conditional for real or likely future situations.
• ✔ Structure: If + Present Simple, will + base verb.
• ✔ Never use will after if.
• ✔ The order of the clauses can change without changing the meaning.

💡 When do we use the Passive Voice?

• When the doer of the action is unknown.
• When the action is more important than the person.
• In news reports, formal writing and scientific texts.
• To describe processes and rules.

📋 Sentence Structure

Tense	Active Voice	Passive Voice
Present Simple	People make cars.	Cars are made.
Past Simple	They built the bridge.	The bridge was built.
Future Simple	They will finish the project.	The project will be finished.
Present Perfect	Someone has cleaned the room.	The room has been cleaned.

⭐ How to Form the Passive Voice

The passive voice is formed with:

be + past participle (V3)

Subject	Be	Past Participle
The cake	was	made
The letters	are	sent
The report	has been	written

⚠ Important Rules

• Use the correct form of be for the tense.
• Always use the past participle (V3).
• Use by only when it is important to mention who performed the action.
• Many passive sentences do not include the person who did the action.

❌ Common Mistakes

🎯 Quick Practice

Choose the correct passive sentence.

• ⭕ The house built in 2015.
• ✅ The house was built in 2015.

📌 Summary

• ✔ Use the Passive Voice when the action is more important than the person doing it.
• ✔ Structure: be + past participle (V3).
• ✔ Use the correct form of be for each tense.
• ✔ Use by only when the person who performs the action is important.

💡 When do we use Gerunds?

• After certain verbs.
• After prepositions.
• As the subject of a sentence.
• To talk about activities and hobbies.

📋 Common Uses of Gerunds

Use	Structure	Example
After certain verbs	Verb + gerund	I enjoy playing tennis.
After prepositions	Preposition + gerund	She is good at cooking.
As the subject	Gerund + verb	Reading helps you learn.
After expressions	Expression + gerund	It's worth visiting.

⭐ Common Verbs Followed by Gerunds

Verb	Example
enjoy	I enjoy listening to music.
finish	She finished writing the report.
avoid	He avoided answering the question.
suggest	They suggested going by train.
keep	Please keep smiling.
mind	Do you mind opening the window?

⚠ Important Rules

• After a preposition, always use a gerund.
• Some verbs are followed only by gerunds (e.g. enjoy, avoid, finish).
• A gerund behaves like a noun, even though it comes from a verb.
• Not every -ing form is a gerund. It can also be part of the Present Continuous.

❌ Common Mistakes

🎯 Quick Practice

Choose the correct sentence.

• ⭕ He enjoys to swim.
• ✅ He enjoys swimming.

📌 Summary

• ✔ A gerund is the -ing form of a verb used as a noun.
• ✔ Use gerunds after certain verbs and all prepositions.
• ✔ Gerunds can be the subject of a sentence.
• ✔ Learn common verbs that are followed by gerunds, such as enjoy, finish, avoid and suggest.

💡 When do we use Infinitives?

• After certain verbs.
• After adjectives.
• To express purpose or reason.
• After question words.

📋 Common Uses of Infinitives

Use	Structure	Example
After verbs	Verb + to + base verb	I decided to stay.
After adjectives	Adjective + to + base verb	She is ready to leave.
Purpose	To + base verb	We came to study.
After question words	Question word + to + base verb	I don't know what to do.

⭐ Common Verbs Followed by Infinitives

Verb	Example
want	I want to travel.
need	We need to leave now.
hope	She hopes to become a doctor.
plan	They plan to move next year.
decide	He decided to study abroad.
promise	I promise to help you.

⚠ Important Rules

• Use to + base verb after many common verbs.
• Use an infinitive to explain the purpose of an action.
• After modal verbs (can, must, should, will), use the base verb without to.
• Some verbs are followed by a gerund, while others are followed by an infinitive.

❌ Common Mistakes

🎯 Quick Practice

Choose the correct sentence.

• ⭕ They hope winning the match.
• ✅ They hope to win the match.

📌 Summary

• ✔ An infinitive is to + base verb.
• ✔ Use infinitives after many common verbs and adjectives.
• ✔ Use infinitives to express purpose.
• ✔ Do not use to after modal verbs such as can, must and should.

💡 When do we use Modal Verbs?

• To talk about ability.
• To ask for or give permission.
• To give advice.
• To express obligation or necessity.
• To talk about possibility.

📋 Common Modal Verbs

Modal Verb	Use	Example
can	Ability / Permission	I can swim.
could	Past ability / Polite requests	Could you help me?
may	Permission / Possibility	You may leave now.
might	Possibility	It might rain later.
must	Strong obligation	You must wear a helmet.
should	Advice	You should study every day.
will	Future / Willingness	I will help you.
would	Polite requests / Hypothetical situations	Would you like some tea?

⭐ Sentence Structure

Type	Structure	Example
Positive	Subject + modal + base verb	She can drive.
Negative	Subject + modal + not + base verb	He shouldn't worry.
Question	Modal + subject + base verb?	Can you help me?

⚠ Important Rules

• Always use the base form of the verb after a modal verb.
• Modal verbs never take -s in the third person singular.
• Do not use to after modal verbs (except in expressions like have to or ought to).
• Modal verbs do not need do or does to form questions or negatives.

❌ Common Mistakes

🎯 Quick Practice

Choose the correct sentence.

• ⭕ She must to finish her homework.
• ✅ She must finish her homework.

📌 Summary

• ✔ Modal verbs express ability, permission, advice, obligation and possibility.
• ✔ Always use the base form of the verb after a modal verb.
• ✔ Do not add -s or to after modal verbs.
• ✔ Common modal verbs include can, could, may, might, must, should, will and would.

💡 When do we use Relative Clauses?

• To give more information about a noun.
• To avoid repeating information.
• To connect two related sentences.

📋 Relative Pronouns

Word	Use	Example
who	People	The boy who won the race is my friend.
which	Things and animals	The phone which I bought is very fast.
that	People, things and animals	The car that we rented was new.
whose	Possession	The girl whose bike was stolen is upset.
where	Places	This is the café where we met.

⭐ Combining Sentences

Two Sentences	Relative Clause
I met a man. He speaks five languages.	I met a man who speaks five languages.
She bought a dress. It was expensive.	She bought a dress that was expensive.
We visited a village. My grandparents lived there.	We visited the village where my grandparents lived.

⚠ Important Rules

• Use who for people.
• Use which for things and animals.
• That can often replace who or which in defining relative clauses.
• Use whose to show possession.
• Use where for places.

❌ Common Mistakes

🎯 Quick Practice

Choose the correct sentence.

• ⭕ The boy which won the race is my cousin.
• ✅ The boy who won the race is my cousin.

📌 Summary

• ✔ Relative clauses add extra information about a noun.
• ✔ Use who for people and which for things.
• ✔ Use that for people or things in many defining relative clauses.
• ✔ Use whose for possession and where for places.

💡 When do we use the Past Perfect?

• To show that one past action happened before another.
• To describe the cause of a past situation.
• In reported speech.
• With words like before, after, already, just, never and by the time.

📋 Sentence Structure

Type	Structure	Example
Positive	Subject + had + past participle (V3)	She had finished her homework.
Negative	Subject + had not (hadn't) + past participle	They hadn't met before.
Question	Had + subject + past participle?	Had you seen the movie?

⭐ Past Perfect vs Past Simple

Past Perfect	Past Simple
Earlier past action	Later past action
She had cooked dinner.	We arrived home.
They had left.	The train departed.

⚠ Important Rules

• Use had for all subjects.
• Always use the past participle (V3) after had.
• Use the Past Perfect only when it is important to show which past action happened first.
• If the order is already clear, the Past Simple is often enough.

❌ Common Mistakes

🎯 Quick Practice

Choose the correct sentence.

• ⭕ She had wrote the email before lunch.
• ✅ She had written the email before lunch.

📌 Summary

• ✔ Use the Past Perfect for an action that happened before another past action.
• ✔ Structure: had + past participle (V3).
• ✔ Use had with every subject.
• ✔ The Past Perfect helps make the order of past events clear.

💡 When do we use the Past Perfect Continuous?

• To emphasize how long an action had continued before another past event.
• To explain the cause of a past situation.
• To describe an activity that was in progress before another past action.
• To show that an action stopped before another event in the past.

📋 Sentence Structure

Type	Structure	Example
Positive	Subject + had been + verb + -ing	She had been reading for two hours.
Negative	Subject + had not (hadn't) been + verb + -ing	We hadn't been sleeping well.
Question	Had + subject + been + verb + -ing?	Had they been waiting long?

⭐ Past Perfect vs Past Perfect Continuous

Past Perfect	Past Perfect Continuous
Focuses on the completed result.	Focuses on the activity or duration.
She had written five emails.	She had been writing emails all morning.
They had repaired the car.	They had been repairing the car for hours.

⚠ Important Rules

• Use had been + verb + -ing for all subjects.
• Use for to express a period of time.
• Use since to express the starting point.
• Stative verbs (e.g. know, believe, love, own) are usually not used in the continuous form.

❌ Common Mistakes

🎯 Quick Practice

Choose the correct sentence.

• ⭕ We had been study for two hours before dinner.
• ✅ We had been studying for two hours before dinner.

📌 Summary

• ✔ Use the Past Perfect Continuous to emphasize the duration of an action before another past event.
• ✔ Structure: had been + verb + -ing.
• ✔ Use for to show duration and since to show the starting point.
• ✔ Use the Past Perfect for completed results and the Past Perfect Continuous for ongoing activities.

💡 When do we use the Future Continuous?

• Actions that will be in progress at a future time.
• Future plans or arrangements.
• Polite questions about someone's plans.
• To describe two actions happening at the same time in the future.

📋 Sentence Structure

Type	Structure	Example
Positive	Subject + will be + verb + -ing	She will be studying tonight.
Negative	Subject + will not (won't) be + verb + -ing	They won't be working tomorrow.
Question	Will + subject + be + verb + -ing?	Will you be waiting for me?

⭐ Future Simple vs Future Continuous

Future Simple	Future Continuous
Focuses on a completed future action or decision.	Focuses on an action in progress in the future.
I will call you tonight.	I will be talking to my manager at 8 p.m.
She will arrive at noon.	She will be travelling all morning.

⚠ Important Rules

• Use will be + verb + -ing.
• Use the Future Continuous to emphasize the duration of an activity at a future time.
• Use time expressions such as this time tomorrow, at 5 p.m., next week and when.
• Stative verbs (e.g. know, believe, love, own) are generally not used in the Future Continuous.

❌ Common Mistakes

🎯 Quick Practice

Choose the correct sentence.

• ⭕ At 10 p.m., I will sleeping.
• ✅ At 10 p.m., I will be sleeping.

📌 Summary

• ✔ Use the Future Continuous for actions that will be in progress at a specific future time.
• ✔ Structure: will be + verb + -ing.
• ✔ It emphasizes the duration of a future activity.
• ✔ Avoid using stative verbs in the Future Continuous.

💡 When do we use the Future Perfect?

• Actions completed before a future time.
• Actions completed before another future event.
• To emphasize that something will already be finished.
• To make predictions about completed actions.

📋 Sentence Structure

Type	Structure	Example
Positive	Subject + will have + past participle (V3)	She will have finished the report.
Negative	Subject + will not (won't) have + past participle	They won't have arrived by then.
Question	Will + subject + have + past participle?	Will you have completed the project?

⭐ Future Perfect vs Future Simple

Future Simple	Future Perfect
Focuses on a future action.	Focuses on a completed action before a future time.
I will write the report tomorrow.	I will have written the report by tomorrow evening.
They will arrive at 6 p.m.	They will have arrived before the meeting starts.

⚠ Important Rules

• Use will have + past participle (V3).
• Use the Future Perfect to show that one future action finishes before another.
• Common time expressions include by, by the time, before and by next week.
• After by the time and before, use the Present Simple, not the Future Simple.

❌ Common Mistakes

🎯 Quick Practice

Choose the correct sentence.

• ⭕ By Friday, she will have finish the book.
• ✅ By Friday, she will have finished the book.

📌 Summary

• ✔ Use the Future Perfect for actions completed before a future time or event.
• ✔ Structure: will have + past participle (V3).
• ✔ Common time expressions are by, by the time and before.
• ✔ Use the Present Simple after by the time and before, not will.

💡 When do we use the Second Conditional?

• To imagine unreal situations.
• To talk about unlikely future events.
• To give advice politely.
• To discuss dreams, wishes or hypothetical situations.

📋 Sentence Structure

Type	Structure	Example
Positive	If + Past Simple, ... would + base verb	If I had a car, I would drive to work.
Negative	If + Past Simple, ... would not (wouldn't) + base verb	If he knew the answer, he wouldn't stay silent.
Question	What would + subject + do if + Past Simple?	What would you do if you were rich?

⭐ First Conditional vs Second Conditional

First Conditional	Second Conditional
Real or likely future situations.	Imaginary or unlikely situations.
If it rains, we'll stay inside.	If it rained, we would stay inside.
If she studies, she'll pass.	If she studied more, she would pass.

⚠ Important Rules

• Use the Past Simple after if, even though the meaning is present or future.
• Use would + base verb in the main clause.
• Do not use would after if.
• In formal English, were is preferred with all subjects after if.

❌ Common Mistakes

🎯 Quick Practice

Choose the correct sentence.

• ⭕ If I would know the answer, I would tell you.
• ✅ If I knew the answer, I would tell you.

📌 Summary

• ✔ Use the Second Conditional for imaginary or unlikely situations.
• ✔ Structure: If + Past Simple, ... would + base verb.
• ✔ Never use would after if.
• ✔ Use were instead of was in formal English for hypothetical situations.

💡 When do we use the Third Conditional?

• To talk about regrets.
• To imagine a different past.
• To explain how a different action could have changed the result.
• To discuss missed opportunities.

📋 Sentence Structure

Type	Structure	Example
Positive	If + Past Perfect, ... would have + past participle (V3)	If she had called me, I would have helped her.
Negative	If + Past Perfect, ... wouldn't have + past participle	If he had listened, he wouldn't have made the mistake.
Question	What would + subject + have + past participle + if + Past Perfect?	What would you have done if you had been there?

⭐ Second Conditional vs Third Conditional

Second Conditional	Third Conditional
Imaginary present or future situations.	Imaginary past situations.
If I had more money, I would travel more.	If I had had more money, I would have travelled more.
If she were taller, she would play basketball.	If she had been taller, she would have become a basketball player.

⚠ Important Rules

• Use the Past Perfect after if.
• Use would have + past participle (V3) in the main clause.
• Do not use would have after if.
• The Third Conditional talks only about situations that are impossible to change because they are in the past.

❌ Common Mistakes

🎯 Quick Practice

Choose the correct sentence.

• ⭕ If I would have studied, I would have passed the exam.
• ✅ If I had studied, I would have passed the exam.

📌 Summary

• ✔ Use the Third Conditional to talk about imaginary past situations.
• ✔ Structure: If + Past Perfect, ... would have + past participle (V3).
• ✔ Never use would have after if.
• ✔ It is commonly used for regrets, missed opportunities and imagined past results.

💡 When do we use Mixed Conditionals?

• To describe how a past event affects the present.
• To imagine how a different present situation could have changed the past.
• To express regret and its present consequences.
• To discuss hypothetical situations across different time periods.

📋 The Two Most Common Mixed Conditionals

Type	Structure	Example
Past → Present	If + Past Perfect, ... would + base verb	If I had gone to bed earlier, I would feel better now.
Present → Past	If + Past Simple, ... would have + past participle	If I were more organised, I would have finished on time.

⭐ Third Conditional vs Mixed Conditional

Third Conditional	Mixed Conditional
Past condition → Past result	Past condition → Present result
If I had studied, I would have passed.	If I had studied, I would have a better job now.
If she had left earlier, she would have caught the train.	If she had left earlier, she would be here now.

⚠ Important Rules

• Mixed conditionals connect different time periods.
• Use the Past Perfect to describe an unreal past condition.
• Use would + base verb for a present result.
• Use would have + past participle for an unreal past result.
• Never use would after if.

❌ Common Mistakes

🎯 Quick Practice

Choose the correct sentence.

• ⭕ If I would have saved more money, I would own a house now.
• ✅ If I had saved more money, I would own a house now.

📌 Summary

• ✔ Mixed Conditionals connect different time periods.
• ✔ They usually combine a past condition with a present result, or a present condition with a past result.
• ✔ Use If + Past Perfect with would + base verb for past → present situations.
• ✔ Use If + Past Simple with would have + past participle for present → past situations.
• ✔ Never use would after if.

💡 When do we use Reported Speech?

• To report what someone said.
• To summarize conversations.
• In news reports and storytelling.
• When the exact words are not important.

📋 Tense Changes

Direct Speech	Reported Speech
Present Simple	Past Simple
I work.	He said he worked.
Present Continuous	Past Continuous
I am studying.	She said she was studying.
Past Simple	Past Perfect
I saw him.	She said she had seen him.
Present Perfect	Past Perfect
I have finished.	He said he had finished.
Will	Would
I will call you.	She said she would call me.
Can	Could
I can swim.	He said he could swim.
May	Might
I may come later.	She said she might come later.

⭐ Other Changes

Direct Speech	Reported Speech
now	then
today	that day
tomorrow	the next day
yesterday	the day before
this	that
these	those
here	there

⚠ Important Rules

• Use a reporting verb such as said, told or asked.
• That is optional after said.
• Change pronouns so they match the speaker and listener.
• Change time expressions if the time has changed.
• If the reporting verb is in the Present Simple, tense changes are often unnecessary.

❌ Common Mistakes

🎯 Quick Practice

Choose the correct reported sentence.

• Direct: "I can help you," Tom said.
• ⭕ Tom said he can help me.
• ✅ Tom said he could help me.

📌 Summary

• ✔ Reported Speech tells us what someone said without using their exact words.
• ✔ Verb tenses usually move one step back into the past.
• ✔ Pronouns and time expressions often change.
• ✔ Use said, told and asked correctly.
• ✔ That is usually optional after said.

💡 When do we use Question Tags?

• To check if something is true.
• To ask for agreement.
• To make conversation more natural.
• To confirm information politely.

📋 Basic Rule

Main Sentence	Question Tag
Positive statement	Negative tag
You're busy.	..., aren't you?
Negative statement	Positive tag
She isn't here.	..., is she?

⭐ Common Question Tags

Statement	Question Tag
You are happy.	aren't you?
She isn't ready.	is she?
They have finished.	haven't they?
He can't swim.	can he?
We will leave.	won't we?
You should study.	shouldn't you?
She likes coffee.	doesn't she?
They don't live here.	do they?

⚠ Important Rules

• A positive statement takes a negative tag.
• A negative statement takes a positive tag.
• The auxiliary verb in the tag must match the main sentence.
• If there is no auxiliary verb, use do, does or did.
• Use the correct subject pronoun in the question tag.

⭐ Special Cases

Statement	Question Tag
I'm late.	aren't I?
Let's go.	shall we?
Open the window.	will you?
Don't be late.	will you?
Everyone is here.	aren't they?

❌ Common Mistakes

🎯 Quick Practice

Choose the correct question tag.

• ⭕ She can swim, can she?
• ✅ She can swim, can't she?

📌 Summary

• ✔ Question tags are used to ask for confirmation or agreement.
• ✔ Positive statements take negative tags.
• ✔ Negative statements take positive tags.
• ✔ Match the auxiliary verb and subject pronoun.
• ✔ Remember the special forms: aren't I?, shall we? and will you?.

💡 When do we use Phrasal Verbs?

• In everyday spoken and written English.
• To express actions naturally.
• In informal conversations.
• In many B2-level texts, films and TV shows.

📋 Common Phrasal Verbs

Phrasal Verb	Meaning	Example
get up	leave your bed	I get up at 7 a.m.
turn on	start a machine	Turn on the TV.
turn off	stop a machine	Please turn off your phone.
look after	take care of	She looks after her little brother.
find out	discover	I found out the truth.
give up	stop doing something	He gave up smoking.
run into	meet by chance	I ran into my teacher.
pick up	collect or lift	I'll pick you up at 6.

⭐ Separable and Inseparable Phrasal Verbs

Type	Example
Separable	Turn off the light. / Turn the light off.
Separable (pronoun)	Turn it off. ✅ Turn off it. ❌
Inseparable	She looks after her grandmother.
Inseparable	I ran into my neighbour.

⚠ Important Rules

• Many phrasal verbs have meanings that cannot be guessed from the individual words.
• Some phrasal verbs are separable, while others are inseparable.
• If the object is a pronoun (it, him, them), it must go between the verb and the particle in separable phrasal verbs.
• Learn phrasal verbs as complete expressions rather than translating each word.

❌ Common Mistakes

🎯 Quick Practice

Choose the correct sentence.

• ⭕ Please turn off it.
• ✅ Please turn it off.

📌 Summary

• ✔ Phrasal verbs consist of a verb and one or more particles.
• ✔ Their meaning is often different from the main verb.
• ✔ Some are separable, while others are inseparable.
• ✔ Pronouns must go between the verb and the particle in separable phrasal verbs.
• ✔ Learning common phrasal verbs will make your English sound more natural.